Drug interaction of efavirenz and midazolam: efavirenz activates the CYP3A-mediated midazolam 1′-Hydroxylation in vitro

CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 are the most important drug-metabolizing enzymes. For several drugs, heteroactivation of CYP3A-mediated reactions has been demonstrated in vitro. In vivo data suggested a possible acute activation of CYP3A4-catalyzed midazolam metabolism by efavirenz. Therefore, we aimed to investi...

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Hauptverfasser: Keubler, Anja (VerfasserIn) , Weiß, Johanna (VerfasserIn) , Haefeli, Walter E. (VerfasserIn) , Mikus, Gerd (VerfasserIn) , Burhenne, Jürgen (VerfasserIn)
Dokumenttyp: Article (Journal)
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: May 16, 2012
In: Drug metabolism and disposition
Year: 2012, Jahrgang: 40, Heft: 6, Pages: 1178-1182
ISSN:1521-009X
DOI:10.1124/dmd.111.043844
Online-Zugang:Verlag, Volltext: http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.111.043844
Verlag, Volltext: http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/40/6/1178
Volltext
Verfasserangaben:Anja Keubler, Johanna Weiss, Walter E. Haefeli, Gerd Mikus, Jürgen Burhenne

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520 |a CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 are the most important drug-metabolizing enzymes. For several drugs, heteroactivation of CYP3A-mediated reactions has been demonstrated in vitro. In vivo data suggested a possible acute activation of CYP3A4-catalyzed midazolam metabolism by efavirenz. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of efavirenz on the in vitro metabolism of midazolam. The formation of 1′-hydroxymidazolam was studied in pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) and recombinant human CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 (rCYP3A4 and rCYP3A5) in the presence of efavirenz (0.5, 1, and 5 μM). Product formation rates (Vmax) increased with increasing efavirenz concentrations (∼1.5-fold increase at 5 μM efavirenz in HLM and ∼1.4-fold in rCYP3A4). The activation in rCYP3A4 was dependent on cytochrome b5, and the activating effect was also observed in rCYP3A5 supplemented with cytochrome b5, where Vmax was ∼1.3-fold enhanced. Concomitant inhibition of CYP3A activity with ketoconazole in HLM abolished the increase in the 1′-hydroxymidazolam formation rate, further confirming involvement of CYP3A. The results of this study represent a distinct acute activation of midazolam metabolism and support the in vivo observations. Moreover, only efavirenz, but not its major metabolite 8-hydroxyefavirenz, was responsible for the activation. The increase in 1′-hydroxymidazolam formation may have been caused by binding of efavirenz to a peripheral site of the enzyme, leading to enhanced midazolam turnover due to changes at the active site. 
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