Production of hydrocarbons from fatty acids and animal fat in the presence of water and sodium carbonate: Reactor performance and fuel properties
The thermal degradation of free fatty acids and animal fat in a moving bed of sodium carbonate and 5wt% of water were carried out at 430±20°C at a pilot scale plant. During start-up the loading rates for a 60:40 mixture of oleic and stearic acids were 10kg/h resulting in a 69±5% of bio-crude. The ac...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article (Journal) |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2012
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| In: |
Fuel
Year: 2012, Volume: 94, Pages: 262-269 |
| ISSN: | 1873-7153 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.040 |
| Online Access: | Verlag, Volltext: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.040 Verlag, Volltext: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236111005126 
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| Author Notes: | Bernd Weber, Ernst A. Stadlbauer, Sabrina Stengl, Mohammad Hossain, Andreas Frank, Diedrich Steffens, Elmar Schlich, Gerhard Schilling |
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Production of hydrocarbons from fatty acids and animal fat in the presence of water and sodium carbonate |b Reactor performance and fuel properties |c Bernd Weber, Ernst A. Stadlbauer, Sabrina Stengl, Mohammad Hossain, Andreas Frank, Diedrich Steffens, Elmar Schlich, Gerhard Schilling |
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| 520 | |a The thermal degradation of free fatty acids and animal fat in a moving bed of sodium carbonate and 5wt% of water were carried out at 430±20°C at a pilot scale plant. During start-up the loading rates for a 60:40 mixture of oleic and stearic acids were 10kg/h resulting in a 69±5% of bio-crude. The acidity index was remarkably low within a range of 0.64-0.80mg KOH/g during 3weeks of operation. The loading rates for animal fat were increased from 10 to 40kg/h corresponding to a weight hourly space velocity of 0.03-0.1h−1 over a period of 6months. Heat transfer into the reactor was the limiting criterion. The main product with a yield of 65±5% was bio-crude showing an acidity index of 0.5-1.8mg KOH/g. The mean value for kinematic viscosity at 40°C was 1.78mm2/s. The net calorific value of bio-crude was 41.6MJ/kg. Coke deposits on sodium carbonate were determined to be 5±1%. The gaseous products ranged from 25wt% to 30wt%. The presence of CO2, H2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4 and C3 to C5 hydrocarbons as major components was established by gas chromatography. The gases were directly fed into an on-site gas line and used for heating purposes. The distillation curve of bio-crude from animal fat showed hydrocarbon based bio-fuels in the boiling ranges of gasoline and diesel. Upon rectification 66% of bio-diesel and 21% of bio-gasoline were obtained. This corresponds to a total yield of 43% bio-diesel and 14% bio-gasoline from animal fat. The bio-diesel had favorable low-temperature properties (cold filter plugging point=−18°C) with oxidation stability between that of mineral oil based diesel and fatty acid methyl ester fuels. The gasoline fraction lacked low-boiling hydrocarbons as indicated by a vapor pressure of 26kPa instead of 60-90kPa (DIN EN 228). Thus, water-cooled condensers need to be improved for a full-scale plant. The results are discussed in terms of German specifications for standard fuels. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Animal fat | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biofuels | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sodium carbonate | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Thermal degradation | |
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