The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: variability of the He I line at 10 830 Å
The He I infrared (IR) triplet at 10 830 Å is known as an activity indicator in solar-type stars and has become a primary diagnostic in exoplanetary transmission spectroscopy. He I IR lines are a tracer of the stellar extreme-ultraviolet irradiation from the transition region and corona. We study t...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article (Journal) |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
10 August 2020
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| In: |
Astronomy and astrophysics
Year: 2020, Volume: 640 |
| ISSN: | 1432-0746 |
| DOI: | 10.1051/0004-6361/202038279 |
| Online Access: | Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038279 Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/08/aa38279-20/aa38279-20.html 
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| Author Notes: | B. Fuhrmeister, S. Czesla, L. Hildebrandt, E. Nagel, J.H.M.M. Schmitt, S.V. Jeffers, J.A. Caballero, D. Hintz, E.N. Johnson, P. Schöfer, M. Zechmeister, A. Reiners, I. Ribas, P.J. Amado, A. Quirrenbach, L. Nortmann, F.F. Bauer, V.J.S. Béjar, M. Cortés-Contreras, S. Dreizler, D. Galadí-Enríquez, A.P. Hatzes, A. Kaminski, M. Kürster, M. Lafarga, and D. Montes |
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| 245 | 1 | 4 | |a The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs |b variability of the He I line at 10 830 Å |c B. Fuhrmeister, S. Czesla, L. Hildebrandt, E. Nagel, J.H.M.M. Schmitt, S.V. Jeffers, J.A. Caballero, D. Hintz, E.N. Johnson, P. Schöfer, M. Zechmeister, A. Reiners, I. Ribas, P.J. Amado, A. Quirrenbach, L. Nortmann, F.F. Bauer, V.J.S. Béjar, M. Cortés-Contreras, S. Dreizler, D. Galadí-Enríquez, A.P. Hatzes, A. Kaminski, M. Kürster, M. Lafarga, and D. Montes |
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| 520 | |a The He I infrared (IR) triplet at 10 830 Å is known as an activity indicator in solar-type stars and has become a primary diagnostic in exoplanetary transmission spectroscopy. He I IR lines are a tracer of the stellar extreme-ultraviolet irradiation from the transition region and corona. We study the variability of the He I triplet lines in a spectral time series of 319 M dwarf stars that was obtained with the CARMENES high-resolution optical and near-infrared spectrograph at Calar Alto. We detect He I IR line variability in 18% of our sample stars, all of which show H<i>α<i/> in emission. Therefore, we find detectable He I variability in 78% of the sub-sample of stars with H<i>α<i/> emission. Detectable variability is strongly concentrated in the latest spectral sub-types, where the He I lines during quiescence are typically weak. The fraction of stars with detectable He I variation remains lower than 10% for stars earlier than M3.0 V, while it exceeds 30% for the later spectral sub-types. Flares are accompanied by particularly pronounced line variations, including strongly broadened lines with red and blue asymmetries. However, we also find evidence for enhanced He I absorption, which is potentially associated with increased high-energy irradiation levels at flare onset. Generally, He I and H<i>α<i/> line variations tend to be correlated, with H<i>α<i/> being the most sensitive indicator in terms of pseudo-equivalent width variation. This makes the He I triplet a favourable target for planetary transmission spectroscopy. | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Czesla, S. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hildebrandt, L. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nagel, E. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Schmitt, J. H. M. M. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Jeffers, S. V. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Caballero, J. A. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hintz, D. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Johnson, E. N. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Schöfer, P. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Zechmeister, M. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Reiners, A. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ribas, I. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Amado, P. J. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Quirrenbach, Andreas |e VerfasserIn |0 (DE-588)112240623 |0 (DE-627)593634780 |0 (DE-576)304098167 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nortmann, L. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bauer, F. F. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Béjar, V. J. S. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Cortés-Contreras, M. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Dreizler, S. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Galadí-Enríquez, D. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hatzes, A. P. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kaminski, Adrian |e VerfasserIn |0 (DE-588)1043913025 |0 (DE-627)77104321X |0 (DE-576)396019099 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kürster, M. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Lafarga, M. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Montes, D. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
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