Hijacked immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression and cues to improve T cell-based immunotherapy of solid tumors

The understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been expanding in recent years in the context of interactions among different cell types, through direct cell-cell communication as well as through soluble factors. It has become evident that the development of a successful antitumor response...

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Main Authors: Balta, Emre (Author) , Wabnitz, Guido H. (Author) , Samstag, Yvonne (Author)
Format: Article (Journal)
Language:English
Published: 27 May 2021
In: International journal of molecular sciences
Year: 2021, Volume: 22, Issue: 11, Pages: 1-27
ISSN:1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms22115736
Online Access:Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115736
Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/11/5736
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Author Notes:Emre Balta, Guido H. Wabnitz and Yvonne Samstag

MARC

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520 |a The understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been expanding in recent years in the context of interactions among different cell types, through direct cell-cell communication as well as through soluble factors. It has become evident that the development of a successful antitumor response depends on several TME factors. In this context, the number, type, and subsets of immune cells, as well as the functionality, memory, and exhaustion state of leukocytes are key factors of the TME. Both the presence and functionality of immune cells, in particular T cells, are regulated by cellular and soluble factors of the TME. In this regard, one fundamental reason for failure of antitumor responses is hijacked immune cells, which contribute to the immunosuppressive TME in multiple ways. Specifically, reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites, and anti-inflammatory cytokines have central roles in generating an immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we focused on recent developments in the immune cell constituents of the TME, and the micromilieu control of antitumor responses. Furthermore, we highlighted the current challenges of T cell-based immunotherapies and potential future strategies to consider for strengthening their effectiveness. 
650 4 |a Animals 
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650 4 |a CAR T cells 
650 4 |a Humans 
650 4 |a Immunologic Surveillance 
650 4 |a Immunomodulation 
650 4 |a immunosuppression 
650 4 |a Immunotherapy 
650 4 |a Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating 
650 4 |a Neoplasms 
650 4 |a Neutrophil Infiltration 
650 4 |a Reactive Oxygen Species 
650 4 |a ROS 
650 4 |a T-Lymphocyte Subsets 
650 4 |a T-Lymphocytes 
650 4 |a TILs 
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650 4 |a Treatment Outcome 
650 4 |a Tumor Escape 
650 4 |a Tumor Microenvironment 
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