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The rise of Three Rs centres and platforms in Europe

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Public awareness and discussion about animal experiments and replacement methods has greatly increased in recent years. The term ‘the Three Rs’, which stands for the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal experiments, is inseparably linked in this context. A common goal within the Three Rs...

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Main Authors: Neuhaus, Winfried (Author) , Reininger-Gutmann, Birgit (Author) , Rinner, Beate (Author) , Plasenzotti, Roberto (Author) , Wilflingseder, Doris (Author) , De Kock, Joery (Author) , Vanhaecke, Tamara (Author) , Rogiers, Vera (Author) , Jírová, Dagmar (Author) , Kejlová, Kristina (Author) , Knudsen, Lisbeth E. (Author) , Nielsen, Rasmus Normann (Author) , Kleuser, Burkhard (Author) , Kral, Vivian (Author) , Thöne-Reineke, Christa (Author) , Hartung, Thomas (Author) , Pallocca, Giorgia (Author) , Leist, Marcel (Author) , Hippenstiel, Stefan (Author) , Lang, Annemarie (Author) , Retter, Ida (Author) , Krämer, Stephanie (Author) , Jedlicka, Peter (Author) , Ameli, Katharina (Author) , Fritsche, Ellen (Author) , Tigges, Julia (Author) , Buettner, Manuela (Author) , Bleich, Andre (Author) , Baumgart, Nadine (Author) , Baumgart, Jan (Author) , Meinhardt, Marcus W. (Author) , Spanagel, Rainer (Author) , Chourbaji, Sabine (Author) , Kränzlin, Bettina (Author) , Seeger, Bettina (Author) , von Köckritz-Blickwede, Maren (Author) , Sánchez-Morgado, José M. (Author) , Galligioni, Viola (Author) , Ruiz-Pérez, Daniel (Author) , Movia, Dania (Author) , Prina-Mello, Adriele (Author) , Ahluwalia, Arti (Author) , Chiono, Valeria (Author) , Gutleb, Arno C. (Author) , Schmit, Marthe (Author) , van Golen, Bea (Author) , van Weereld, Leane (Author) , Kienhuis, Anne (Author) , van Oort, Erica (Author) , van der Valk, Jan (Author) , Smith, Adrian (Author) , Roszak, Joanna (Author) , Stępnik, Maciej (Author) , Sobańska, Zuzanna (Author) , Olsson, I. Anna S. (Author) , Franco, Nuno Henrique (Author) , Sevastre, Bogdan (Author) , Kandarova, Helena (Author) , Capdevila, Sara (Author) , Johansson, Jessica (Author) , Cederroth, Christopher R. (Author) , Sandström, Jenny (Author) , Ragan, Ian (Author) , Bubalo, Nataliia (Author) , Spielmann, Horst (Author)
Format: Article (Journal)
Language:English
Published: May 16, 2022
In: Alternatives to laboratory animals
Year: 2022, Volume: 50, Issue: 2, Pages: 90-120
ISSN:2632-3559
DOI:10.1177/02611929221099165
Online Access:Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.1177/02611929221099165
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Author Notes:Winfried Neuhaus, Birgit Reininger-Gutmann, Beate Rinner, Roberto Plasenzotti, Doris Wilflingseder, Joery De Kock, Tamara Vanhaecke, Vera Rogiers, Dagmar Jírová, Kristina Kejlová, Lisbeth E. Knudsen, Rasmus Normann Nielsen, Burkhard Kleuser, Vivian Kral, Christa Thöne-Reineke, Thomas Hartung, Giorgia Pallocca, Marcel Leist, Stefan Hippenstiel, Annemarie Lang, Ida Retter, Stephanie Krämer, Peter Jedlicka, Katharina Ameli, Ellen Fritsche, Julia Tigges, Manuela Buettner, Andre Bleich, Nadine Baumgart, Jan Baumgart, Marcus W. Meinhardt, Rainer Spanagel, Sabine Chourbaji, Bettina Kränzlin, Bettina Seeger, Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede, José M. Sánchez-Morgado, Viola Galligioni, Daniel Ruiz-Pérez, Dania Movia, Adriele Prina-Mello, Arti Ahluwalia, Valeria Chiono, Arno C. Gutleb, Marthe Schmit, Bea van Golen, Leane van Weereld, Anne Kienhuis, Erica van Oort, Jan van der Valk, Adrian Smith, Joanna Roszak, Maciej Stępnik, Zuzanna Sobańska, I. Anna S. Olsson, Nuno Henrique Franco, Bogdan Sevastre, Helena Kandarova, Sara Capdevila, Jessica Johansson, Christopher R. Cederroth, Jenny Sandström, Ian Ragan, Nataliia Bubalo and Horst Spielmann
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Summary:Public awareness and discussion about animal experiments and replacement methods has greatly increased in recent years. The term ‘the Three Rs’, which stands for the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal experiments, is inseparably linked in this context. A common goal within the Three Rs scientific community is to develop predictive non-animal models and to better integrate all available data from in vitro, in silico and omics technologies into regulatory decision-making processes regarding, for example, the toxicity of chemicals, drugs or food ingredients. In addition, it is a general concern to implement (human) non-animal methods in basic research. Toward these efforts, there has been an ever-increasing number of Three Rs centres and platforms established over recent years — not only to develop novel methods, but also to disseminate knowledge and help to implement the Three Rs principles in policies and education. The adoption of Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes gave a strong impetus to the creation of Three Rs initiatives, in the form of centres and platforms. As the first of a series of papers, this article gives an overview of the European Three Rs centres and platforms, and their historical development. The subsequent articles, to be published over the course of ATLA’s 50th Anniversary year, will summarise the current focus and tasks as well as the future and the plans of the Three Rs centres and platforms. The Three Rs centres and platforms are very important points of contact and play an immense role in their respective countries as ‘on the ground’ facilitators of Directive 2010/63/EU. They are also invaluable for the widespread dissemination of information and for promoting implementation of the Three Rs in general.
Item Description:All authors listed contributed equally to this publication
Gesehen am 11.07.2022
Physical Description:Online Resource
ISSN:2632-3559
DOI:10.1177/02611929221099165

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