Calix(4)pyrroles as ligands: recent progress with a focus on the emerging p-block element chemistry

Calix[4]pyrroles are readily synthesized in one step from pyrroles and ketones. For several decades, these macrocycles have been exploited as powerful anion receptors or ligands for transition and rare-earth metals. In contrast, calix[4]pyrrolates as ligands for p-block elements were established onl...

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Hauptverfasser: Ruppert, Heiko (VerfasserIn) , Sigmund, Lukas M. (VerfasserIn) , Greb, Lutz (VerfasserIn)
Dokumenttyp: Article (Journal)
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: 13 October 2021
In: Chemical communications
Year: 2021, Jahrgang: 57, Heft: 89, Pages: 11751-11763
ISSN:1364-548X
DOI:10.1039/D1CC05120B
Online-Zugang:Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CC05120B
Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2021/cc/d1cc05120b
Volltext
Verfasserangaben:Heiko Ruppert, Lukas M. Sigmund and Lutz Greb

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520 |a Calix[4]pyrroles are readily synthesized in one step from pyrroles and ketones. For several decades, these macrocycles have been exploited as powerful anion receptors or ligands for transition and rare-earth metals. In contrast, calix[4]pyrrolates as ligands for p-block elements were established only in 2018. The present feature article reviews these developments, together with the recent progress on s-, d-, and f-block element complexes of the calix[4]pyrroles. Particular focus is given on the calix[4]pyrrolato aluminate and the corresponding silane, both featuring square planar-coordinated p-block elements in their highest oxidation states. These unique “anti-van’t-Hoff-Le-Bel” structures introduce valuable characteristics into main-group element chemistry, such as agostic interactions or ligand-to-metal charge transfer absorptions. The most vital reactivities are highlighted, which rely on properties ranging from amphoterism, redox-activity, and a small HOMO-LUMO gap up to the ability to provide a platform for additional external stimuli. Overall, these developments underscore the beneficial impact of structural constraint of p-block elements and element-ligand cooperativity to enhance the functionality of the most abundant elements in their native oxidation states. 
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