Wide-field CO isotopologue emission and the CO-to-H2 factor across the nearby spiral galaxy M101
Carbon monoxide (CO) emission constitutes the most widely used tracer of the bulk molecular gas in the interstellar medium (ISM) in extragalactic studies. The CO-to-H<sub>2<sub/> conversion factor, <i>α<i/><sub>12<sub>CO(1−0)<sub/><sub/>, links the obs...
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| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Dokumenttyp: | Article (Journal) |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
August 2023
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| In: |
Astronomy and astrophysics
Year: 2023, Jahrgang: 676, Pages: 1-25 |
| ISSN: | 1432-0746 |
| DOI: | 10.1051/0004-6361/202245718 |
| Online-Zugang: | Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202245718 Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2023/08/aa45718-22/aa45718-22.html 
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| Verfasserangaben: | Jakob S. den Brok, Frank Bigiel, Jérémy Chastenet, Karin Sandstrom, Adam Leroy, Antonio Usero, Eva Schinnerer, Erik W. Rosolowsky, Eric W. Koch, I.-Da Chiang, Ashley T. Barnes, Johannes Puschnig, Toshiki Saito, Ivana Bešlić, Melanie Chevance, Daniel A. Dale, Cosima Eibensteiner, Simon Glover, María J. Jiménez-Donaire, Yu-Hsuan Teng, and Thomas G. Williams |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Brok, Jakob den |e VerfasserIn |0 (DE-588)1239772319 |0 (DE-627)1767863411 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Wide-field CO isotopologue emission and the CO-to-H2 factor across the nearby spiral galaxy M101 |c Jakob S. den Brok, Frank Bigiel, Jérémy Chastenet, Karin Sandstrom, Adam Leroy, Antonio Usero, Eva Schinnerer, Erik W. Rosolowsky, Eric W. Koch, I.-Da Chiang, Ashley T. Barnes, Johannes Puschnig, Toshiki Saito, Ivana Bešlić, Melanie Chevance, Daniel A. Dale, Cosima Eibensteiner, Simon Glover, María J. Jiménez-Donaire, Yu-Hsuan Teng, and Thomas G. Williams |
| 246 | 3 | 3 | |a Wide-field CO isotopologue emission and the CO-to-H 2 factor across the nearby spiral galaxy M101 |
| 264 | 1 | |c August 2023 | |
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| 520 | |a Carbon monoxide (CO) emission constitutes the most widely used tracer of the bulk molecular gas in the interstellar medium (ISM) in extragalactic studies. The CO-to-H<sub>2<sub/> conversion factor, <i>α<i/><sub>12<sub>CO(1−0)<sub/><sub/>, links the observed CO emission to the total molecular gas mass. However, no single prescription perfectly describes the variation of <i>α<i/><sub>12<sub>CO(1−0)<sub/><sub/> across all environments within and across galaxies as a function of metallicity, molecular gas opacity, line excitation, and other factors. Using spectral line observations of CO and its isotopologues mapped across a nearby galaxy, we can constrain the molecular gas conditions and link them to a variation in <i>α<i/><sub>12<sub>CO(1−0)<sub/><sub/>. Here, we present new, wide-field (10 × 10 arcmin<sup>2<sup/>) IRAM 30-m telescope 1 mm and 3 mm line observations of <sup>12<sup/>CO, <sup>13<sup/>CO, and C<sup>18<sup/>O across the nearby, grand-design, spiral galaxy M101. From the CO isotopologue line ratio analysis alone, we find that selective nucleosynthesis and changes in the opacity are the main drivers of the variation in the line emission across the galaxy. In a further analysis step, we estimated <i>α<i/><sub><sup>12<sup/>CO(1−0)<sub/> using different approaches, including (i) via the dust mass surface density derived from far-IR emission as an independent tracer of the total gas surface density and (ii) local thermal equilibrium (LTE) based measurements using the optically thin <sup>13<sup/>CO(1-0) intensity. We find an average value of ⟨<i>α<i/><sub><sup>12<sup/>CO(1 − 0)<sub/>⟩ = 4.4 ± 0.9 <i>M<i/><sub>⊙<sub/> pc<sup>−2<sup/> (K km s<sup>−1<sup/>)<sup>−1<sup/> across the disk of the galaxy, with a decrease by a factor of 10 toward the 2 kpc central region. In contrast, we find LTE-based <i>α<i/><sub><sup>12<sup/>CO(1−0)<sub/> values are lower by a factor of 2-3 across the disk relative to the dust-based result. Accounting for <i>α<i/><sub><sup>12<sup/>CO(1−0)<sub/> variations, we found significantly reduced molecular gas depletion time by a factor 10 in the galaxy’s center. In conclusion, our result suggests implications for commonly derived scaling relations, such as an underestimation of the slope of the Kennicutt Schmidt law, if <i>α<i/><sub><sup>12<sup/>CO(1−0)<sub/> variations are not accounted for. | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Bigiel, Frank |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Chastenet, Jérémy |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sandstrom, Karin |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Leroy, Adam |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Usero, Antonio |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Schinnerer, Eva |d 1970- |e VerfasserIn |0 (DE-588)121523314 |0 (DE-627)705510816 |0 (DE-576)292753578 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rosolowsky, Erik W. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Koch, Eric W. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Chiang, I.-Da |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Barnes, Ashley T. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Puschnig, Johannes |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Saito, Toshiki |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bešlić, Ivana |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Chevance, Mélanie |e VerfasserIn |0 (DE-588)1141805553 |0 (DE-627)1000759342 |0 (DE-576)470814411 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Dale, Daniel A. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Eibensteiner, Cosima |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Glover, Simon |e VerfasserIn |0 (DE-588)1043520449 |0 (DE-627)770635903 |0 (DE-576)394879252 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Jiménez-Donaire, María J. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Teng, Yu-Hsuan |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Williams, Thomas G. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
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