Multi-wavelength spectroscopic analysis of the ULX Holmberg II X-1 and its nebula suggests the presence of a heavy black hole accreting from a B-type donor
Context. Ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are high-mass X-ray binaries with an X-ray luminosity above 1039 erg s−1. These ULXs can be powered by black holes that are more massive than 20 M⊙, accreting in a standard regime, or lighter compact objects accreting supercritically. There are only a few...
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Dokumenttyp: | Article (Journal) |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
22 October 2024
|
| In: |
Astronomy and astrophysics
Year: 2024, Jahrgang: 690, Pages: 1-14 |
| ISSN: | 1432-0746 |
| DOI: | 10.1051/0004-6361/202451324 |
| Online-Zugang: | Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451324 Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2024/10/aa51324-24/aa51324-24.html 
|
| Verfasserangaben: | S. Reyero Serantes, L. Oskinova, W.-R. Hamann, V.M.A. Gómez-González, H. Todt, D. Pauli, R. Soria, D.R. Gies, J.M. Torrejón, T. Bulik, V. Ramachandran, A.A.C. Sander, E. Bozzo, and J. Poutanen |
MARC
| LEADER | 00000naa a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | 1932811524 | ||
| 003 | DE-627 | ||
| 005 | 20250807124844.0 | ||
| 007 | cr uuu---uuuuu | ||
| 008 | 250807s2024 xx |||||o 00| ||eng c | ||
| 024 | 7 | |a 10.1051/0004-6361/202451324 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a (DE-627)1932811524 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)KXP1932811524 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-627 |b ger |c DE-627 |e rda | ||
| 041 | |a eng | ||
| 084 | |a 29 |2 sdnb | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Reyero Serantes, Sabela |e VerfasserIn |0 (DE-588)1373329653 |0 (DE-627)1932812318 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Multi-wavelength spectroscopic analysis of the ULX Holmberg II X-1 and its nebula suggests the presence of a heavy black hole accreting from a B-type donor |c S. Reyero Serantes, L. Oskinova, W.-R. Hamann, V.M.A. Gómez-González, H. Todt, D. Pauli, R. Soria, D.R. Gies, J.M. Torrejón, T. Bulik, V. Ramachandran, A.A.C. Sander, E. Bozzo, and J. Poutanen |
| 264 | 1 | |c 22 October 2024 | |
| 300 | |a 14 | ||
| 336 | |a Text |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |a Computermedien |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |a Online-Ressource |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Gesehen am 07.08.2025 | ||
| 520 | |a Context. Ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are high-mass X-ray binaries with an X-ray luminosity above 1039 erg s−1. These ULXs can be powered by black holes that are more massive than 20 M⊙, accreting in a standard regime, or lighter compact objects accreting supercritically. There are only a few ULXs with known optical or ultraviolet (UV) counterparts, and their nature is debated. Determining whether optical/UV radiation is produced by the donor star or by the accretion disc is crucial for understanding ULX physics and testing massive binary evolution. Aims. We conduct, for the first time, a fully consistent multi-wavelength spectral analysis of a ULX and its circumstellar nebula. We aim to establish the donor star type and test the presence of strong disc winds in the prototypical ULX Holmberg II X-1 (Ho II X-1). Furthermore, we aim to obtain a realistic spectral energy distribution of the ionising source, which is needed for robust nebula analysis. We acquired new UV spectra of Ho II X-1 with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and complemented them with archival optical and X-ray data. We explored the spectral energy distribution of the source and analysed the spectra using the stellar atmosphere code PoWR and the photoionisation code CLOUDY. Our analysis of the X-ray, UV, and optical spectra of Ho II X-1 and its nebula consistently explains the observations. We do not find traces of disc wind signatures in the UV and the optical, rejecting previous claims of the ULX being a supercritical accretor. The optical/UV counterpart of Ho II X-1 is explained by a B-type supergiant donor star. Thus, the observations are fully compatible with Ho II X-1 being a close binary consisting of an ≳66 M⊙ black hole accreting matter from an ≃22 M⊙ B-supergiant companion. Furthermore, we propose a possible evolution scenario for the system, suggesting that Ho II X-1 is a potential gravitational wave source progenitor. | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Oskinova, L. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hamann, W.-R. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gómez-González, V. M. A. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Todt, H. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pauli, D. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Soria, R. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gies, D. R. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Torrejón, J. M. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bulik, T. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ramachandran, Varsha |e VerfasserIn |0 (DE-588)1195070268 |0 (DE-627)1677246847 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sander, Andreas A. C. |e VerfasserIn |0 (DE-588)1083288482 |0 (DE-627)847936775 |0 (DE-576)455682348 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bozzo, E. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Poutanen, J. |e VerfasserIn |4 aut | |
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |i Enthalten in |t Astronomy and astrophysics |d Les Ulis : EDP Sciences, 1969 |g 690(2024) vom: Okt., Artikel-ID A347, Seite 1-14 |h Online-Ressource |w (DE-627)253390222 |w (DE-600)1458466-9 |w (DE-576)072283351 |x 1432-0746 |7 nnas |a Multi-wavelength spectroscopic analysis of the ULX Holmberg II X-1 and its nebula suggests the presence of a heavy black hole accreting from a B-type donor |
| 773 | 1 | 8 | |g volume:690 |g year:2024 |g month:10 |g elocationid:A347 |g pages:1-14 |g extent:14 |a Multi-wavelength spectroscopic analysis of the ULX Holmberg II X-1 and its nebula suggests the presence of a heavy black hole accreting from a B-type donor |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |u https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451324 |x Verlag |x Resolving-System |z lizenzpflichtig |3 Volltext |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |u https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2024/10/aa51324-24/aa51324-24.html |x Verlag |z lizenzpflichtig |3 Volltext |
| 951 | |a AR | ||
| 992 | |a 20250807 | ||
| 993 | |a Article | ||
| 994 | |a 2024 | ||
| 998 | |g 1083288482 |a Sander, Andreas A. C. |m 1083288482:Sander, Andreas A. C. |d 700000 |d 714000 |d 714100 |e 700000PS1083288482 |e 714000PS1083288482 |e 714100PS1083288482 |k 0/700000/ |k 1/700000/714000/ |k 2/700000/714000/714100/ |p 12 | ||
| 998 | |g 1195070268 |a Ramachandran, Varsha |m 1195070268:Ramachandran, Varsha |d 700000 |d 714000 |d 714100 |e 700000PR1195070268 |e 714000PR1195070268 |e 714100PR1195070268 |k 0/700000/ |k 1/700000/714000/ |k 2/700000/714000/714100/ |p 11 | ||
| 999 | |a KXP-PPN1932811524 |e 4754952677 | ||
| BIB | |a Y | ||
| SER | |a journal | ||
| JSO | |a {"origin":[{"dateIssuedDisp":"22 October 2024","dateIssuedKey":"2024"}],"person":[{"given":"Sabela","role":"aut","display":"Reyero Serantes, Sabela","family":"Reyero Serantes"},{"given":"L.","display":"Oskinova, L.","role":"aut","family":"Oskinova"},{"family":"Hamann","display":"Hamann, W.-R.","role":"aut","given":"W.-R."},{"role":"aut","display":"Gómez-González, V. M. A.","family":"Gómez-González","given":"V. M. A."},{"given":"H.","family":"Todt","display":"Todt, H.","role":"aut"},{"family":"Pauli","display":"Pauli, D.","role":"aut","given":"D."},{"given":"R.","family":"Soria","role":"aut","display":"Soria, R."},{"role":"aut","display":"Gies, D. R.","family":"Gies","given":"D. R."},{"given":"J. M.","role":"aut","display":"Torrejón, J. M.","family":"Torrejón"},{"display":"Bulik, T.","role":"aut","family":"Bulik","given":"T."},{"family":"Ramachandran","role":"aut","display":"Ramachandran, Varsha","given":"Varsha"},{"given":"Andreas A. C.","family":"Sander","display":"Sander, Andreas A. C.","role":"aut"},{"role":"aut","display":"Bozzo, E.","family":"Bozzo","given":"E."},{"given":"J.","family":"Poutanen","display":"Poutanen, J.","role":"aut"}],"id":{"eki":["1932811524"],"doi":["10.1051/0004-6361/202451324"]},"type":{"bibl":"article-journal","media":"Online-Ressource"},"name":{"displayForm":["S. Reyero Serantes, L. Oskinova, W.-R. Hamann, V.M.A. Gómez-González, H. Todt, D. Pauli, R. Soria, D.R. Gies, J.M. Torrejón, T. Bulik, V. Ramachandran, A.A.C. Sander, E. Bozzo, and J. Poutanen"]},"title":[{"title":"Multi-wavelength spectroscopic analysis of the ULX Holmberg II X-1 and its nebula suggests the presence of a heavy black hole accreting from a B-type donor","title_sort":"Multi-wavelength spectroscopic analysis of the ULX Holmberg II X-1 and its nebula suggests the presence of a heavy black hole accreting from a B-type donor"}],"relHost":[{"name":{"displayForm":["European Southern Observatory (ESO)"]},"disp":"Multi-wavelength spectroscopic analysis of the ULX Holmberg II X-1 and its nebula suggests the presence of a heavy black hole accreting from a B-type donorAstronomy and astrophysics","title":[{"subtitle":"an international weekly journal","title":"Astronomy and astrophysics","title_sort":"Astronomy and astrophysics"}],"origin":[{"dateIssuedDisp":"1969-","publisher":"EDP Sciences ; Springer","dateIssuedKey":"1969","publisherPlace":"Les Ulis ; Berlin ; Heidelberg"}],"part":{"text":"690(2024) vom: Okt., Artikel-ID A347, Seite 1-14","year":"2024","volume":"690","pages":"1-14","extent":"14"},"id":{"zdb":["1458466-9"],"eki":["253390222"],"issn":["1432-0746"]},"language":["eng"],"pubHistory":["1.1969 -"],"type":{"bibl":"periodical","media":"Online-Ressource"},"titleAlt":[{"title":"Astronomy & astrophysics"},{"title":"a European journal"}],"note":["Gesehen am 21.06.2024","Erscheint 36mal jährlich in 12 Bänden zu je 3 Ausgaben","Fortsetzung der Druck-Ausgabe"],"corporate":[{"display":"European Southern Observatory","role":"isb"}],"recId":"253390222","physDesc":[{"extent":"Online-Ressource"}]}],"recId":"1932811524","physDesc":[{"extent":"14 S."}],"note":["Gesehen am 07.08.2025"],"language":["eng"]} | ||
| SRT | |a REYEROSERAMULTIWAVEL2220 | ||