deadtrees.earth: an open-access and interactive database for centimeter-scale aerial imagery to uncover global tree mortality dynamics

Excessive tree mortality is a global concern and remains poorly understood as it is a complex phenomenon. We lack global and temporally continuous coverage on tree mortality data. Ground-based observations on tree mortality, e.g., derived from national inventories, are very sparse, and may not be st...

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Main Authors:	Mosig, Clemens (Author) , Vajna-Jehle, Janusch (Author) , Mahecha, Miguel (Author) , Cheng, Yan (Author) , Hartmann, Henrik (Author) , Montero, David (Author) , Junttila, Samuli (Author) , Horion, Stéphanie (Author) , Schwenke, Mirela Beloiu (Author) , Koontz, Michael J. (Author) , Maulud, Khairul Nizam Abdul (Author) , Adu-Bredu, Stephen (Author) , Al-Halbouni, Djamil (Author) , Ali, Muhammad (Author) , Allen, Matthew (Author) , Altman, Jan (Author) , Amorós, Lot (Author) , Angiolini, Claudia (Author) , Astrup, Rasmus (Author) , Awada, Hassan (Author) , Barrasso, Caterina (Author) , Bartholomeus, Harm (Author) , Beck, Pieter S. A. (Author) , Bozzini, Aurora (Author) , Braun-Wimmer, Joshua (Author) , Brede, Benjamin (Author) , Breunig, Fabio Marcelo (Author) , Brugnaro, Stefano (Author) , Buras, Allan (Author) , Burchard-Levine, Vicente (Author) , Camarero, Jesús Julio (Author) , Candotti, Anna (Author) , Capuder, Luka (Author) , Carrieri, Erik (Author) , Centritto, Mauro (Author) , Chirici, Gherardo (Author) , Cloutier, Myriam (Author) , Conciani, Dhemerson (Author) , Cushman, KC (Author) , Dalling, James W. (Author) , Dao, Phuong D. (Author) , Dempewolf, Jan (Author) , Denter, Martin (Author) , Dogotari, Marcel (Author) , Díaz-Delgado, Ricardo (Author) , Ecke, Simon (Author) , Eichel, Jana (Author) , Eltner, Anette (Author) , Fabbri, Andrea (Author) , Fabi, Maximilian (Author) , Fassnacht, Fabian (Author) , Ferreira, Matheus Pinheiro (Author) , Fischer, Fabian Jörg (Author) , Frey, Julian (Author) , Frick, Annett (Author) , Fuentes, Jose (Author) , Ganz, Selina (Author) , Garbarino, Matteo (Author) , García, Milton (Author) , Gassilloud, Matthias (Author) , Gazol, Antonio (Author) , Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo (Author) , Geberding, Kilian (Author) , Ghasemi, Marziye (Author) , Giannetti, Francesca (Author) , Gillan, Jeffrey (Author) , Gonzalez, Roy (Author) , Gosper, Carl (Author) , Greene, Terry (Author) , Greinwald, Konrad (Author) , Grieve, Stuart (Author) , Große-Stoltenberg, André (Author) , Gutierrez, Jesus Aguirre (Author) , Göritz, Anna (Author) , Hajek, Peter (Author) , Hedding, David (Author) , Hempel, Jan (Author) , Heremans, Stien (Author) , Hernández, Melvin (Author) , Heurich, Marco (Author) , Honkavaara, Eija (Author) , Höfle, Bernhard (Author) , Jackisch, Robert (Author) , Jucker, Tommaso (Author) , Kalwij, Jesse M. (Author) , Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian (Author) , Khatri-Chhetri, Pratima (Author) , Kleinebecker, Till (Author) , Klemmt, Hans-Joachim (Author) , Klouček, Tomáš (Author) , Koivumäki, Niko (Author) , Kolagani, Nagesh (Author) , Komárek, Jan (Author) , Korznikov, Kirill (Author) , Kraszewski, Bartłomiej (Author) , Kruse, Stefan (Author) , Krüger, Robert (Author) , Kuechly, Helga (Author) , Kwong, Ivan H. Y. (Author) , Laliberté, Etienne (Author) , Langan, Liam (Author) , Latifi, Hooman (Author) , Leal-Medina, Claudia (Author) , Lehmann, Jan Rudolf Karl (Author) , Li, Linyuan (Author) , Lines, Emily (Author) , Lisiewicz, Maciej (Author) , Lopatin Fourcade, Javier (Author) , Lucieer, Arko (Author) , Ludwig, Antonia Dorea (Author) , Ludwig, Marvin (Author) , Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa, Päivi (Author) , Ma, Qin (Author) , Mansuy, Nicolas (Author) , Peña, José Manuel (Author) , Marino, Giovanni (Author) , Maroschek, Michael (Author) , Martín, M. Pilar (Author) , Martín-Benito, Darío (Author) , Matham, Pavan (Author) , Mazzoni, Sabrina (Author) , Meloni, Fabio (Author) , Menzel, Annette (Author) , Meyer, Hanna (Author) , Miraki, Mojdeh (Author) , Moreno, Gerardo (Author) , Moreno-Fernández, Daniel (Author) , Muller-Landau, Helene C. (Author) , Mälicke, Mirko (Author) , Möhring, Jakobus (Author) , Müllerova, Jana (Author) , Naidu, Setti Sridhara (Author) , Nardi, Davide (Author) , Neumeier, Paul (Author) , Nita, Mihai Daniel (Author) , Näsi, Roope (Author) , Oppgenoorth, Lars (Author) , Orunbaev, Sagynbek (Author) , Palmer, Melanie (Author) , Paul, Thomas (Author) , Pfenning, Mattis (Author) , Potts, Alastair (Author) , Prasanna, Gudala Laxmi (Author) , Prober, Suzanne (Author) , Puliti, Stefano (Author) , Pérez-Luque, Antonio J. (Author) , Pérez-Priego, Oscar (Author) , Reudenbach, Christoph (Author) , Revuelto, Jesús (Author) , Rivas-Torres, Gonzalo (Author) , Roberge, Philippe (Author) , Roggero, Pier Paolo (Author) , Rossi, Christian (Author) , Ruehr, Nadine Katrin (Author) , Ruiz-Benito, Paloma (Author) , Runge, Christian Mestre (Author) , Satta, Gabriele Giuseppe Antonio (Author) , Scanu, Bruno (Author) , Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael (Author) , Schiefer, Felix (Author) , Schiller, Christopher (Author) , Schladebach, Jacob (Author) , Schmehl, Marie-Therese (Author) , Schmid, Jonathan (Author) , Schmidt, Tristan Alexander (Author) , Schwarz, Selina (Author) , Seidl, Rupert (Author) , Seifert, Thomas (Author) , Barba, Ana Seifert (Author) , Shafeian, Elham (Author) , Shapiro, Aurélie (Author) , de Simone, Leopoldo (Author) , Sohrabi, Hormoz (Author) , Soltani, Salim (Author) , Sotomayor, Laura (Author) , Sparrow, Ben (Author) , Steer, Benjamin S. C. (Author) , Stenson, Matt (Author) , Stöckigt, Benjamin (Author) , Su, Yanjun (Author) , Suomalainen, Juha (Author) , Tamudo, Elisa (Author) , Barbieri, Mauro J. Tognetti (Author) , Tomelleri, Enrico (Author) , Torresani, Michele (Author) , Trepekli, Katerina (Author) , Ullah, Saif (Author) , Ullah, Sami (Author) , Umlauft, Josefine (Author) , Vargas-Ramírez, Nicolás (Author) , Vatandaslar, Can (Author) , Visacki, Vladimir (Author) , Volpi, Michele (Author) , Vásquez, Vicente (Author) , Wallis, Christine (Author) , Weinstein, Ben (Author) , Weiser, Hannah (Author) , Wich, Serge A. (Author) , Ximena, Tagle Casapia (Author) , Zarco-Tejada, Pablo J. (Author) , Zdunic, Katherine (Author) , Zielewska-Büttner, Katarzyna (Author) , de Oliveira, Raquel Alves (Author) , van Wagtendonk, Liz (Author) , von Dosky, Vincent (Author) , Kattenborn, Teja (Author)
Format:	Article (Journal)
Language:	English
Published:	1 January 2026
In:	Remote sensing of environment Year: 2026, Volume: 332, Pages: 1-15
ISSN:	1879-0704
DOI:	10.1016/j.rse.2025.115027
Online Access:	Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.115027 Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425725004316
Author Notes:	Clemens Mosig, Janusch Vajna-Jehle, Miguel D. Mahecha, Yan Cheng, Henrik Hartmann, David Montero, Samuli Junttila, Stéphanie Horion, Mirela Beloiu Schwenke, Michael J. Koontz, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Djamil Al-Halbouni, Muhammad Ali, Matthew Allen, Jan Altman, Lot Amorós, Claudia Angiolini, Rasmus Astrup, Hassan Awada, Caterina Barrasso, Harm Bartholomeus, Pieter S. A. Beck, Aurora Bozzini, Joshua Braun-Wimmer, Benjamin Brede, Fabio Marcelo Breunig, Stefano Brugnaro, Allan Buras, Vicente Burchard-Levine, Jesús Julio Camarero, Anna Candotti, Luka Capuder, Erik Carrieri, Mauro Centritto, Gherardo Chirici, Myriam Cloutier, Dhemerson Conciani, KC Cushman, James W. Dalling, Phuong D. Dao, Jan Dempewolf, Martin Denter, Marcel Dogotari, Ricardo Díaz-Delgado, Simon Ecke, Jana Eichel, Anette Eltner, André Fabbri, Maximilian Fabi, Fabian Fassnacht, Matheus Pinheiro Ferreira, Fabian Jörg Fischer, Julian Frey, Annett Frick, Jose Fuentes, Selina Ganz, Matteo Garbarino, Milton García, Matthias Gassilloud, Antonio Gazol, Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo, Kilian Gerberding, Marziye Ghasemi, Francesca Giannetti, Jeffrey Gillan, Roy Gonzalez, Carl Gosper, Terry Greene, Konrad Greinwald, Stuart Grieve, André Große-Stoltenberg, Jesus Aguirre Gutierrez, Anna Göritz, Peter Hajek, David Hedding, Jan Hempel, Stien Heremans, Melvin Hernández, Marco Heurich, Eija Honkavaara, Bernhard Höfle, Robert Jackisch, Tommaso Jucker, Jesse M. Kalwij, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas, Pratima Khatri-Chhetri, Till Kleinebecker, Hans-Joachim Klemmt, Tomáš Klouček, Niko Koivumäki, Nagesh Kolagani, Jan Komárek, Kirill Korznikov, Bartłomiej Kraszewski, Stefan Kruse, Robert Krüger, Helga Kuechly, Ivan H. Y. Kwong, Etienne Laliberté, Liam Langan, Hooman Latifi, Claudia Leal-Medina, Jan R. K. Lehmann, Linyuan Li, Emily Lines, Maciej Lisiewicz, Javier Lopatin, Arko Lucieer, Antonia Ludwig, Marvin Ludwig, Päivi Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa, Qin Ma, Nicolas Mansuy, José Manuel Peña, Giovanni Marino, Michael Maroschek, M. Pilar Martín, Darío Martín-Benito, Pavan Matham, Sabrina Mazzoni, Fabio Meloni, Annette Menzel, Hanna Meyer, Mojdeh Miraki, Gerardo Moreno, Daniel Moreno-Fernández, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Mirko Mälicke, Jakobus Möhring, Jana Müllerova, Setti Sridhara Naidu, Davide Nardi, Paul Neumeier, Mihai Daniel Nita, Roope Näsi, Lars Oppgenoorth, Sagynbek Orunbaev, Melanie Palmer, Thomas Paul, Mattis Pfenning, Alastair Potts, Gudala Laxmi Prasanna, Suzanne Prober, Stefano Puliti, Antonio J. Pérez-Luque, Oscar Pérez-Priego, Chris Reudenbach, Jesús Revuelto, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Philippe Roberge, Pier Paolo Roggero, Christian Rossi, Nadine Katrin Ruehr, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Christian Mestre Runge, Gabriele Giuseppe Antonio Satta, Bruno Scanu, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Felix Schiefer, Christopher Schiller, Jacob Schladebach, Marie-Therese Schmehl, Jonathan Schmid, Tristan Alexander Schmidt, Selina Schwarz, Rupert Seidl, Thomas Seifert, Ana Seifert Barba, Elham Shafeian, Aurélie Shapiro, Leopoldo de Simone, Hormoz Sohrabi, Salim Soltani, Laura Sotomayor, Ben Sparrow, Benjamin S. C. Steer, Matt Stenson, Benjamin Stöckigt, Yanjun Su, Juha Suomalainen, Elisa Tamudo, Mauro J. Tognetti Barbieri, Enrico Tomelleri, Michele Torresani, Katerina Trepekli, Saif Ullah, Sami Ullah, Josefine Umlauft, Nicolás Vargas-Ramírez, Can Vatandaslar, Vladimir Visacki, Michele Volpi, Vicente Vásquez, Christine Wallis, Ben Weinstein, Hannah Weiser, Serge Wich, Tagle Casapia Ximena, Pablo J. Zarco-Tejada, Katherine Zdunic, Katarzyna Zielewska-Büttner, Raquel Alves de Oliveira, Liz van Wagtendonk, Vincent von Dosky, Teja Kattenborn

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Summary:	Excessive tree mortality is a global concern and remains poorly understood as it is a complex phenomenon. We lack global and temporally continuous coverage on tree mortality data. Ground-based observations on tree mortality, e.g., derived from national inventories, are very sparse, and may not be standardized or spatially explicit. Earth observation data, combined with supervised machine learning, offer a promising approach to map overstory tree mortality in a consistent manner over space and time. However, global-scale machine learning requires broad training data covering a wide range of environmental settings and forest types. Low altitude observation platforms (e.g., drones or airplanes) provide a cost-effective source of training data by capturing high-resolution orthophotos of overstory tree mortality events at centimeter-scale resolution. Here, we introduce deadtrees.earth, an open-access platform hosting more than two thousand centimeter-resolution orthophotos, covering more than 1,000,000 ha, of which more than 58,000 ha are manually annotated with live/dead tree classifications. This community-sourced and rigorously curated dataset can serve as a comprehensive reference dataset to uncover tree mortality patterns from local to global scales using space-based Earth observation data and machine learning models. This will provide the basis to attribute tree mortality patterns to environmental changes or project tree mortality dynamics to the future. The open nature of deadtrees.earth, together with its curation of high-quality, spatially representative, and ecologically diverse data will continuously increase our capacity to uncover and understand tree mortality dynamics.
Item Description:	Gesehen am 27.10.2025 Online verfügbar: 24. Oktober 2025
Physical Description:	Online Resource
ISSN:	1879-0704
DOI:	10.1016/j.rse.2025.115027

deadtrees.earth: an open-access and interactive database for centimeter-scale aerial imagery to uncover global tree mortality dynamics

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