Facile biofabrication and characterization of silver, iron, and bimetallic nanoparticles using Belou marmelos (L.) A. Lyons leaf extract: multifunctional applications in pharmacology and environmental remediation
This study reports the eco-friendly synthesis of silver (Ag), iron (Fe), and bimetallic silver-iron (Ag-Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) using aqueous extracts of Belou marmelos (L.) A. Lyons leaves as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Phytochemical screening revealed numerous biomolecules such as sugars, pr...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article (Journal) |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
1 December 2025
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| In: |
Surfaces and Interfaces
Year: 2025, Volume: 78, Pages: 1-11 |
| ISSN: | 2468-0230 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.surfin.2025.108147 |
| Online Access: | Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2025.108147 Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468023025023958 
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| Author Notes: | R. Poongodi, K. Vijayalakshmi, R. Manjula, Abdullah Alswieleh, K. Veeravelan, V. Porkalai, G. Velmurugan, Karuppiah Nagaraj |
| Summary: | This study reports the eco-friendly synthesis of silver (Ag), iron (Fe), and bimetallic silver-iron (Ag-Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) using aqueous extracts of Belou marmelos (L.) A. Lyons leaves as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Phytochemical screening revealed numerous biomolecules such as sugars, proteins, amino acids, steroids, terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, glycosides, and saponins responsible for metal ion reduction and stabilization. Functional group analysis via FT-IR revealed polyphenolic compounds, C-O stretching, and Fe-O vibrations, confirming the role of biomolecules in nanoparticle synthesis. UV-vis spectroscopy validated the synthesis, with distinct absorbance peaks for Belou marmelos (L.) A. Lyons extract-Ag (BA) NPs (391 nm), Belou extract-Fe (BF) NPs (569 nm), and Belou marmelos (L.) A. Lyons extract-Ag-Fe (BAF) NPs (396 and 445 nm), indicating the formation of Ag-Fe core-shell structures. SEM analysis showed morphological differences, with Ag NPs being spherical (120-150 nm), Fe NPs irregular (130-160 nm), and Ag-Fe NPs forming core-shell structures (140-170 nm) with enhanced stability. EDAX analysis confirmed the elemental composition, highlighting the presence of Ag, Fe, C, and O, corroborating the successful synthesis of monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles. Analysis with DLS indicated Ag nanoparticles were highly uniform and stable, while Ag-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles had better dispersion compared with pure Fe with particle sizes close to 100 nm. The nanoparticles exhibited efficient photocatalytic degradation of methyl red dye under UV radiation with recyclability. Pharmacological evaluations demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory (IC₅₀: 64.51 µg/mL), anti-diabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, and biofilm inhibitory activities. These findings emphasize the efficiency of Belou marmelos (L.) A. Lyons extract in nanoparticle stabilization and suggest their potential for antimicrobial applications and drug delivery systems. |
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| Item Description: | Online verfügbar: 21. November 2025, Artikelversion: 29. November 2025 Gesehen am 27.02.2026 |
| Physical Description: | Online Resource |
| ISSN: | 2468-0230 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.surfin.2025.108147 |