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Mass-loading of outflows from evolving young massive clusters

Feedback from young massive stellar clusters (YMCs) is an important driver of galaxy evolution. In the first few Myr, mechanical feedback is dominated by the collective effects of the massive stellar winds in the YMC. The mass-loss rates (Ṁ) and terminal wind velocities of these stars change by ord...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Larkin, Cormac (Author) , Hawcroft, C. (Author) , Mackey, J. (Author) , Lefever, Roel (Author) , Härer, Lucia (Author) , Sander, Andreas A. C. (Author)
Format: Article (Journal) Editorial
Language:English
Published: November 2025
In: Astronomy and astrophysics
Year: 2025, Volume: 703, Pages: 1-5
ISSN:1432-0746
DOI:10.1051/0004-6361/202557130
Online Access:Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557130
Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2025/11/aa57130-25/aa57130-25.html
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Author Notes:C.J.K. Larkin, C. Hawcroft, J. Mackey, R.R. Lefever, L. Härer, and A.A.C. Sander
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Summary:Feedback from young massive stellar clusters (YMCs) is an important driver of galaxy evolution. In the first few Myr, mechanical feedback is dominated by the collective effects of the massive stellar winds in the YMC. The mass-loss rates (Ṁ) and terminal wind velocities of these stars change by orders of magnitude as the massive stars evolve, and Ṁ of red supergiant (RSG) stars in particular are uncertain by a factor ∼20 or more. In this work we performed a first study of the time evolution of the average cluster wind velocity (¯Vcl) as a function of the stellar metallicity (Z), assuming single star evolution. We also verified the validity of assuming Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars dominate the feedback effects of a YMC, as often done when interpreting X-ray and γ-ray observations, and tested how sensitive ¯Vcl is to current uncertainties in Ṁ. We used PYSTARBURST99 to calculate integrated properties of YMCs for Z in the range 0.0004−0.02, which encompasses the range of environments from IZw18 to the Galactic centre. We find that ¯Vcl drops off rapidly for sub-Large Magellanic Cloud Z values, and we recommend that a value of 500−1000 km s−1 be used in this regime. We show that accounting only for WR stars can overestimate ¯Vcl by 500−2000 km s−1 at Z ≥ ZLMC. We also find that different RSG Ṁ assumptions can change the inferred ¯Vcl by ∼1000 km s−1, highlighting the need for improved observational constraints for RSGs in YMCs.
Item Description:Online veröffentlicht: 18. November
Gesehen am 27.02.2026
Physical Description:Online Resource
ISSN:1432-0746
DOI:10.1051/0004-6361/202557130

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