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4D microprinting of dual-shape- and triple-shape-memory polymers

4D microprinting of shape-memory polymers (SMPs) offers high structural design freedom alongside the smart characteristics of SMPs. However, functionality has so far been limited to dual-shape-memory behavior, while a triple-shape-memory effect - allowing access to multiple temporary shapes - remain...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Flórido Martins, Lilliana (Author) , Spiegel, Christoph A. (Author) , Blasco, Eva (Author)
Format: Article (Journal)
Language:English
Published: 18 February 2026
In: Cell reports. Physical science
Year: 2026, Volume: 7, Issue: 2, Pages: 1-13
ISSN:2666-3864
DOI:10.1016/j.xcrp.2026.103137
Online Access:Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2026.103137
Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666386426000433
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Author Notes:Lilliana Flórido Martins, Christoph A. Spiegel, and Eva Blasco
Description
Summary:4D microprinting of shape-memory polymers (SMPs) offers high structural design freedom alongside the smart characteristics of SMPs. However, functionality has so far been limited to dual-shape-memory behavior, while a triple-shape-memory effect - allowing access to multiple temporary shapes - remains unexplored for 4D microprinted SMPs. Here, we present an approach based on photocrosslinkable semicrystalline polymers, offering access to two ink formulations for the fabrication of dual- and triple-shape-memory microstructures via multiphoton laser printing. Printing parameters are optimized for the generation of complex 3D microarchitectures with high printing precision and shape fidelity, and thermal characterization establishes protocols for assessing the shape-memory effects. All structures show remarkable shape-memory performance, featuring stable shape fixation and repeatable full recovery to the original structure. Notably, triple-SMP structures store an additional temporary shape, enabling sequential two-directional actuation, holding great potential for the next generation of soft microrobots and adaptive microsystems.
Item Description:Online verfügbar: 11. Februar 2026, Artikelversion: 18. Februar 2026
Gesehen am 18.03.2026
Physical Description:Online Resource
ISSN:2666-3864
DOI:10.1016/j.xcrp.2026.103137

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