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Recommendations for the inclusion and study of sex and gender in research

Sex and gender are important variables in research, but they are inconsistently explored. The international PAINDIFF Network makes 13 recommendations for studying sex and gender as variables in pain research, which are applicable across the spectrum of biopsychosocial research. Five universal recomm...

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Main Authors: Finn, David P. (Author) , McGuire, Brian E. (Author) , Beggs, Simon (Author) , Boerner, Katelynn E. (Author) , Davis, Karen D. (Author) , Defrin, Ruth (Author) , De Koninck, Yves (Author) , Devan, Hemakumar (Author) , Donovan, Ryan (Author) , Fetter, Eleonora (Author) , Flor, Herta (Author) , Fullen, Brona M. (Author) , Healy, Catherine R. (Author) , Keogh, Edmund (Author) , Kuner, Rohini (Author) , Kunz, Miriam (Author) , Lane, Rebecca M. (Author) , Lautenbacher, Stefan (Author) , Mayer, Emeran A. (Author) , Mogil, Jeffrey S. (Author) , O’Mahony, Siobhain M. (Author) , O’Sullivan, Kieran (Author) , Riordan, Louise (Author) , Salter, Michael W. (Author) , Scarlatti, Francesco (Author) , Shorten, George (Author) , Sluka, Kathleen A. (Author) , Stinson, Jennifer N. (Author) , Vowles, Kevin E. (Author) , Walker, Suellen M. (Author) , Yalcin, Ipek (Author) , Roche, Michelle (Author)
Format: Article (Journal)
Language:English
Published: 29 December 2025
In: Nature neuroscience
Year: 2026, Volume: 29, Issue: 2, Pages: 256-266
ISSN:1546-1726
DOI:10.1038/s41593-025-02164-1
Online Access:Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-025-02164-1
Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-02164-1
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Author Notes:David P. Finn, Brian E. McGuire, Simon Beggs, Katelynn E. Boerner, Karen D. Davis, Ruth Defrin, Yves De Koninck, Hemakumar Devan, Ryan Donovan, Eleonora Fetter, Herta Flor, Brona M. Fullen, Catherine R. Healy, Edmund Keogh, Rohini Kuner, Miriam Kunz, Rebecca M. Lane, Stefan Lautenbacher, Emeran A. Mayer, Jeffrey S. Mogil, Siobhain M. O’Mahony, Kieran O’Sullivan, Louise Riordan, Michael W. Salter, Francesco Scarlatti, George Shorten, Kathleen A. Sluka, Jennifer N. Stinson, Kevin E. Vowles, Suellen M. Walker, Ipek Yalcin and Michelle Roche
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Summary:Sex and gender are important variables in research, but they are inconsistently explored. The international PAINDIFF Network makes 13 recommendations for studying sex and gender as variables in pain research, which are applicable across the spectrum of biopsychosocial research. Five universal recommendations apply to the majority of research studies: (1) include males and females as standard practice, (2) account for sex in randomization or counterbalancing and testing order, (3) power for sex differences when sex is a primary experimental variable, (4) include detailed reporting of experimental design, and (5) conduct sex-disaggregated analysis and reporting. Three additional recommendations specifically for preclinical studies and five additional recommendations for human and clinical studies are included. Recommendations for stakeholders, such as editors, reviewers, funding bodies and policymakers, have also been developed. Wide adoption and implementation of these recommendations will reduce variability, improve reproducibility and enhance the translatability of research findings within and beyond the field of pain.
Item Description:Gesehen am 07.04.2026
Physical Description:Online Resource
ISSN:1546-1726
DOI:10.1038/s41593-025-02164-1

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