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4D printing of multi-state pH-responsive microstructures

Deep eutectic systems (DESs) are emerging as highly versatile functional materials for 3D printing, particularly in multiphoton 3D laser printing (MPLP), a powerful technique for the fabrication of complex microstructures with high spatial resolution. Here, we present a versatile strategy for the fa...

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Main Authors: Tran, Hoang Bao Duc (Author) , Mainik, Philipp (Author) , Gomez Melo, Santiago (Author) , Schwarz, Ulrich S. (Author) , Spiegel, Christoph A. (Author) , Blasco, Eva (Author)
Format: Database Research Data
Language:English
Published: Heidelberg Universität 2026-05-29
DOI:10.11588/DATA/JMYN9Z
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Forschungsdaten
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Online Access:Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.11588/DATA/JMYN9Z
Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://heidata.uni-heidelberg.de/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.11588/DATA/JMYN9Z
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Author Notes:Hoang Bao Duc Tran, Philipp Mainik, Santiago Gomez Melo, Ulrich S. Schwarz, Christoph A. Spiegel, Eva Blasco
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Summary:Deep eutectic systems (DESs) are emerging as highly versatile functional materials for 3D printing, particularly in multiphoton 3D laser printing (MPLP), a powerful technique for the fabrication of complex microstructures with high spatial resolution. Here, we present a versatile strategy for the fabrication of multi-state pH-responsive microactuators based on polymerizable DESs using MPLP. By incorporating vinyl phosphonic acid and vinyl imidazole as functional monomers, respectively, we establish two actively responsive DESs that exhibit antagonistic swelling behavior across the pH range while maintaining excellent printability. The printed 3D microstructures show pronounced and reversible pH-responsive actuation with high cycling stability. Combining both materials within single architectures enables multi-state and bidirectional actuation beyond conventional bilayer systems. Complex actuator geometries further demonstrate the versatility of the platform. A hyperelastic theory implemented in a finite element framework can predict the experimentally observed actuation patterns. These results highlight the potential of polymerizable DESs as a new material platform for advanced microscale soft robotic, sensing, and adaptive systems.
Item Description:Gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG): SPP 2206 – DFG Priority program “Cooperative Multistage Multistable Microactuator Systems”: BL1604/5-2; Excellence Cluster “3D Matter Made to Order”: EXC-2082/2-390761711; Carl-Zeiss-Foundation: FocusHEiKA
Gesehen am 03.06.2026
Physical Description:Online Resource
DOI:10.11588/DATA/JMYN9Z

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