Smoking as a confounder in case-control studies of occupational bladder cancer in women
Background: In studies in men, risk estimates on occupation and bladder cancer are distorted by about 10% when not adjusting for smoking. We examined the degree to which occupational risk estimates for bladder cancer in women are confounded by smoking, and the degree of residual confounding by inade...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article (Journal) |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
09 June 1999
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| In: |
American journal of industrial medicine
Year: 1999, Volume: 36, Issue: 1, Pages: 75-82 |
| ISSN: | 1097-0274 |
| DOI: | 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199907)36:1<75::AID-AJIM11>3.0.CO;2-O |
| Online Access: | Verlag, Volltext: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199907)36:1<75::AID-AJIM11>3.0.CO;2-O Verlag, Volltext: https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0274%28199907%2936%3A1%3C75%3A%3AAID-AJIM11%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O 
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| Author Notes: | Andrea 't Mannetje, Manolis Kogevinas, Jenny Chang‐Claude, Sylvaine Cordier, Carlos-Alberto González, Martine Hours, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Ulrich Bolm‐Audorff, Elsebeth Lynge, Stefano Porru, Francesco Donato, Ulrich Ranft, Consol Serra, Anastasia Tzonou, Paolo Vineis, Jürgen Wahrendorf, and Paolo Boffetta |
| Summary: | Background: In studies in men, risk estimates on occupation and bladder cancer are distorted by about 10% when not adjusting for smoking. We examined the degree to which occupational risk estimates for bladder cancer in women are confounded by smoking, and the degree of residual confounding by inadequate control of this effect. Methods: Primary data of 11 case-control studies on occupation and bladder cancer from Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, and Spain were pooled. Information for smoking and lifetime occupational history for 700 female cases and 2,425 female controls ages 30-79 was abstracted and recoded. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) by occupation, applying five models which differed in their degree of adjustment for smoking. Results: In major occupational groups, risk estimates were distorted by less than 10% when not adjusting for smoking. A statistically significant excess risk for bladder cancer was found in 13 specific occupations and industries. In most occupations, adjustment for smoking led the ORs towards the null value, but all statistically significant associations were maintained after adjustment. In three occupations (lathe operators, field crop workers, and wood manufacturers), a statistically significant excess risk was masked when not adjusting for smoking. In six occupations, estimates were distorted by more than 10% (−22% up to +40%). In occupations where smoking acted as a positive confounder, the proportion of confounding removed using a dichotomous smoking variable (ever/never) was around 60%. In one occupation (buyers), controlling for smoking status (ever, never) led to over-adjustment, because the percentage of smokers was high but the quantity smoked was low. Conclusions: Tobacco smoking was not found to be a major confounder for the association between occupation and bladder cancer in women. Most of this confounding effect could be removed by adjustment by smoking status (ever/never), without consideration of amount or duration of smoking. |
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| Item Description: | Gesehen am 08.02.2019 |
| Physical Description: | Online Resource |
| ISSN: | 1097-0274 |
| DOI: | 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199907)36:1<75::AID-AJIM11>3.0.CO;2-O |