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A quarter century of spectroscopic monitoring of the nearby M dwarf Gl 514: a super-Earth on an eccentric orbit moving in and out of the habitable zone

<i>Context.<i/> Statistical analyses based on <i>Kepler<i/> data show that most of the early-type M dwarfs host multi-planet systems consisting of Earth- to sub-Neptune-sized planets with orbital periods of up to ~250 days, and that at least one such planet is likely located...

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Main Authors: Damasso, Mario (Author) , Perger, M. (Author) , Almenara, J.M. (Author) , Nardiello, D. (Author) , Pérez-Torres, M. (Author) , Sozzetti, A. (Author) , Hara, N.C. (Author) , Quirrenbach, Andreas (Author) , Bonfils, X. (Author) , Osorio, M.R. Zapatero (Author) , Astudillo-Defru, N. (Author) , Hernández, J.I. González (Author) , Mascareno, A. Suárez (Author) , Amado, P.J. (Author) , Forveille, T. (Author) , Lillo-Box, J. (Author) , Alibert, Y. (Author) , Caballero, J.A. (Author) , Cifuentes, C. (Author) , Delfosse, X. (Author) , Figueira, P. (Author) , Galadí-Enríquez, D. (Author) , Hatzes, A.P. (Author) , Henning, Thomas (Author) , Kaminski, Adrian (Author) , Mayor, M. (Author) , Murgas, F. (Author) , Montes, D. (Author) , Pinamonti, M. (Author) , Reiners, A. (Author) , Ribas, I. (Author) , Béjar, V.J.S. (Author) , Schweitzer, A. (Author) , Zechmeister, Mathias (Author)
Format: Article (Journal)
Language:English
Published: 13 April 2022
In: Astronomy and astrophysics
Year: 2022, Volume: 666, Pages: 1-33
ISSN:1432-0746
DOI:10.1051/0004-6361/202243522
Online Access:Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243522
Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2022/10/aa43522-22/aa43522-22.html
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Author Notes:M. Damasso, M. Perger, J.M. Almenara, D. Nardiello, M. Pérez-Torres, A. Sozzetti, N.C. Hara, A. Quirrenbach, X. Bonfils, M.R. Zapatero Osorio, N. Astudillo-Defru, J.I. González Hernández, A. Suárez Mascareno, P.J. Amado, T. Forveille, J. Lillo-Box, Y. Alibert, J.A. Caballero, C. Cifuentes, X. Delfosse, P. Figueira, D. Galadí-Enríquez, A.P. Hatzes, Th. Henning, A. Kaminski, M. Mayor, F. Murgas, D. Montes, M. Pinamonti, A. Reiners, I. Ribas, V.J.S. Béjar, A. Schweitzer, and M. Zechmeister
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Summary:<i>Context.<i/> Statistical analyses based on <i>Kepler<i/> data show that most of the early-type M dwarfs host multi-planet systems consisting of Earth- to sub-Neptune-sized planets with orbital periods of up to ~250 days, and that at least one such planet is likely located within the habitable zone. M dwarfs are therefore primary targets to search for potentially habitable planets in the solar neighbourhood.<i>Aims.<i/> We investigated the presence of planetary companions around the nearby (7.6 pc) and bright (<i>V<i/> = 9 mag) early-type M dwarf Gl 514, analysing 540 radial velocities collected over nearly 25 yr with the HIRES, HARPS, and CARMENES spectrographs.<i>Methods.<i/> The data are affected by time-correlated signals at the level of 2-3 m s<sup>−1<sup/> due to stellar activity, which we filtered out, testing three different models based on Gaussian process regression. As a sanity cross-check, we repeated the analyses using HARPS radial velocities extracted with three different algorithms. We used HIRES radial velocities and <i>Hipparcos-Gaia<i/> astrometry to put constraints on the presence of long-period companions, and we analysed TESS photometric data.<i>Results.<i/> We find strong evidence that Gl 514 hosts a super-Earth on a likely eccentric orbit, residing in the conservative habitable zone for nearly 34% of its orbital period. The planet Gl 514b has minimum mass <i>m<i/><sub>b<sub/> sin <i>i<i/><sub>b<sub/> = 5.2 ± 0.9 <i>M<i/><sub>⊕<sub/>, orbital period <i>P<i/><sub>b<sub/> = 140.43 ± 0.41 days, and eccentricity <i>e<i/><sub>b<sub/> = 0.45<sub>−0.14<sub/><sup>+0.15<sup/>. No evidence for transits is found in the TESS light curve. There is no evidence for a longer period companion in the radial velocities and, based on astrometry, we can rule out a ~0.2 <i>M<i/><sub>Jup<sub/> planet at a distance of ~3-10 astronomical units, and massive giant planets and brown dwarfs out to several tens of astronomical units. We discuss the possible presence of a second low-mass companion at a shorter distance from the host than Gl 514 b.<i>Conclusions.<i/> Gl 514 b represents an interesting science case for studying the habitability of planets on eccentric orbits. We advocate for additional spectroscopic follow-up to get more accurate and precise planetary parameters. Further follow-up is also needed to investigate the presence of additional planetary signals of less than 1 m s<sup>−1<sup/>.
Item Description:Gesehen am 10.01.2023
Physical Description:Online Resource
ISSN:1432-0746
DOI:10.1051/0004-6361/202243522

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