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Challenges and opportunities in 3D laser printing based on (1+1)-photon absorption

Most light-based 3D printing methods rely on optical or chemical nonlinearities to spatially confine the polymerization reaction. In 3D micro- and nanoprinting, this nonlinearity can be provided by two-photon absorption, which describes the simultaneous absorption of two photons. To achieve comparab...

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Main Authors: Hahn, Vincent (Author) , Bojanowski, N. Maximilian (Author) , Rietz, Pascal (Author) , Feist, Florian (Author) , Kozlowska, Mariana (Author) , Wenzel, Wolfgang (Author) , Blasco, Eva (Author) , Bräse, Stefan (Author) , Barner-Kowollik, Christopher (Author) , Wegener, Martin (Author)
Format: Article (Journal)
Language:English
Published: 18 January 2023
In: ACS photonics
Year: 2023, Volume: 10, Issue: 1, Pages: 24-33
ISSN:2330-4022
DOI:10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01632
Online Access:Verlag, lizenzpflichtig, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01632
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Author Notes:Vincent Hahn, N. Maximilian Bojanowski, Pascal Rietz, Florian Feist, Mariana Kozlowska, Wolfgang Wenzel, Eva Blasco, Stefan Bräse, Christopher Barner-Kowollik, and Martin Wegener
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Summary:Most light-based 3D printing methods rely on optical or chemical nonlinearities to spatially confine the polymerization reaction. In 3D micro- and nanoprinting, this nonlinearity can be provided by two-photon absorption, which describes the simultaneous absorption of two photons. To achieve comparable absorption cross sections for two-photon as in one-photon absorption, short and intense laser pulses with intensities in the range of 1 TW/cm2 are typically required. Herein, we review three emerging excitation processes that provide a quadratic nonlinearity versus intensity without relying on two-photon absorption: upconversion luminescence, two-step absorption, and triplet-triplet annihilation. We term these “(1 + 1)-photon absorption”. Such processes allow for using continuous-wave lasers at much lower peak laser powers and at much lower cost than those typical for two-photon absorption. We review recent progress, describe current challenges, and outline future perspectives.
Item Description:Online veröffentlicht 14 Dezember 2022
Gesehen am 20.03.2023
Physical Description:Online Resource
ISSN:2330-4022
DOI:10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01632

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