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Four sub-earth planets orbiting Barnard’s star from MAROON-X and ESPRESSO

Barnard’s Star is an old, single M dwarf star that comprises the second-closest extrasolar system. It has a long history of claimed planet detections from both radial velocities and astrometry. However, none of these claimed detections have so far withstood further scrutiny. Continuing this story, e...

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Main Authors: Basant, Ritvik (Author) , Luque, Rafael (Author) , Bean, Jacob L. (Author) , Seifahrt, Andreas (Author) , Brady, Madison (Author) , Zhao, Lily L. (Author) , Brown, Nina (Author) , Das, Tanya (Author) , Stürmer, Julian (Author) , Kasper, David (Author) , Gupta, Rohan (Author) , Stefánsson, Guđmundur (Author)
Format: Article (Journal)
Language:English
Published: 2025 March 20
In: The astrophysical journal. Part 2, Letters
Year: 2025, Volume: 982, Issue: 1, Pages: 1-19
ISSN:2041-8213
DOI:10.3847/2041-8213/adb8d5
Online Access:Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adb8d5
Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adb8d5
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Author Notes:Ritvik Basant, Rafael Luque, Jacob L. Bean, Andreas Seifahrt, Madison Brady, Lily L. Zhao, Nina Brown, Tanya Das, Julian Stürmer, David Kasper, Rohan Gupta, and Guđmundur Stefánsson
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Summary:Barnard’s Star is an old, single M dwarf star that comprises the second-closest extrasolar system. It has a long history of claimed planet detections from both radial velocities and astrometry. However, none of these claimed detections have so far withstood further scrutiny. Continuing this story, extreme precision radial velocity measurements from the ESPRESSO instrument have recently been used to identify four new sub-Earth-mass planet candidates around Barnard’s Star. We present here 112 radial velocities of Barnard’s Star from the MAROON-X instrument that were obtained independently to search for planets around this compelling object. The data have a typical precision of 30 cm s−1 and are contemporaneous with the published ESPRESSO measurements (2021-2023). The MAROON-X data on their own confirm planet b (P = 3.154 days) and planet candidates c and d (P = 4.124 and 2.340 days, respectively). Furthermore, adding the MAROON-X data to the ESPRESSO data strengthens the evidence for planet candidate e (P = 6.739 days), thus leading to its confirmation. The signals from all four planets are <50 cm s−1, the minimum masses of the planets range from 0.19 to 0.34 M⊕, and the system is among the most compact known among late M dwarfs hosting low-mass planets. The current data rule out planets with masses >0.57 M⊕ (with a 99% detection probability) in Barnard's Star’s habitable zone (P = 10-42 days).
Item Description:Online verfügbar: 11. März 2025
Gesehen am 14.08.2025
Physical Description:Online Resource
ISSN:2041-8213
DOI:10.3847/2041-8213/adb8d5

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