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Pupillary hippus as a biomarker: spectral signatures and somplexity approaches in autonomic and clinical contexts

Pupillary hippus, i.e., the spontaneous bilateral oscillation of pupil diameter under constant illumination, provides a non-invasive window into autonomic and central nervous system dynamics. Despite decades of research, a unified framework linking its spectral features, physiological underpinnings,...

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Hauptverfasser: Rizzuto, Vincenzo (Verfasst von) , Laurino, Marco (Verfasst von) , Montanari, Roberto (Verfasst von) , Gemignani, Angelo (Verfasst von) , Figus, Michele (Verfasst von) , Covello, Giuseppe (Verfasst von) , Candelise, Niccolò (Verfasst von) , Borroni, Davide (Verfasst von) , Laganovska, Guna (Verfasst von) , Mesin, Luca (Verfasst von)
Dokumenttyp: Article (Journal)
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: 18 December 2025
In: Bioengineering
Year: 2025, Jahrgang: 12, Heft: 12, Pages: 1-21
ISSN:2306-5354
DOI:10.3390/bioengineering12121376
Online-Zugang:Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12121376
Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/12/1376
Volltext
Verfasserangaben:Vincenzo Rizzuto, Marco Laurino, Roberto Montanari, Angelo Gemignani, Michele Figus, Giuseppe Covello, Niccolò Candelise, Davide Borroni, Guna Laganovska and Luca Mesin
Beschreibung
Zusammenfassung:Pupillary hippus, i.e., the spontaneous bilateral oscillation of pupil diameter under constant illumination, provides a non-invasive window into autonomic and central nervous system dynamics. Despite decades of research, a unified framework linking its spectral features, physiological underpinnings, and analytical complexity is still missing. In this narrative review, we synthesize spectral and nonlinear pupillometry studies to propose a paradigm-aware taxonomy of hippus frequency bands that integrates evidence from autonomic tests and cognitive-arousal paradigms. Across the literature, low-frequency components tend to covary with respiratory/vasomotor autonomic rhythms, while higher-frequency fluctuations and complexity indices are more sensitive to cognitive load, visual fatigue, and pathological states but remain methodologically heterogeneous. Finally, we explore contexts in which hippus-based biomarkers show clinical potential, with a main focus on glaucoma as an emerging translational model, while underscoring the methodological and translational gaps that currently hinder their validation and routine clinical adoption. Physiology, spectral metrics, and complexity-based analyses are integrated to lay the foundations of a coherent framework.
Beschreibung:Gesehen am 03.06.2026
Beschreibung:Online Resource
ISSN:2306-5354
DOI:10.3390/bioengineering12121376

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