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The general movement optimality score-revised (GMOS-R) with socioeconomically stratified percentile ranks

Background: The general movement optimality score (GMOS) quantifies the details of general movements (GMs). We recently conducted psychometric analyses of the GMOS and developed a revised scoresheet. Consequently, the GMOS-Revised (GMOS-R) instrument necessitated validation using new percentile rank...

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Main Authors: Einspieler, Christa (Author) , Bos, Arend F. (Author) , Spittle, Alicia J. (Author) , Bertoncelli, Natascia (Author) , Burger, Marlette (Author) , Peyton, Colleen (Author) , Toldo, Moreno (Author) , Utsch, Fabiana (Author) , Marschik, Dajie (Author) , Marschik, Peter B. (Author)
Format: Article (Journal)
Language:English
Published: 13 April 2024
In: Journal of Clinical Medicine
Year: 2024, Volume: 13, Issue: 8, Pages: 1-16
ISSN:2077-0383
DOI:10.3390/jcm13082260
Online Access:Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13082260
Verlag, kostenfrei, Volltext: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/8/2260
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Author Notes:Christa Einspieler, Arend F. Bos, Alicia J. Spittle, Natascia Bertoncelli, Marlette Burger, Colleen Peyton, Moreno Toldo, Fabiana Utsch, Dajie Zhang, Peter B. Marschik
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Summary:Background: The general movement optimality score (GMOS) quantifies the details of general movements (GMs). We recently conducted psychometric analyses of the GMOS and developed a revised scoresheet. Consequently, the GMOS-Revised (GMOS-R) instrument necessitated validation using new percentile ranks. This study aimed to provide these percentile ranks for the GMOS-R and to investigate whether sex, preterm birth, or the infant’s country of birth and residence affected the GMOS-R distribution. Methods: We applied the GMOS-R to an international sample of 1983 infants (32% female, 44% male, and 24% not disclosed), assessed in the extremely and very preterm period (10%), moderate (12%) and late (22%) preterm periods, at term (25%), and post-term age (31%). Data were grouped according to the World Bank’s classification into lower- and upper-middle-income countries (LMICs and UMICs; 26%) or high-income countries (HICs; 74%), respectively. Results: We found that sex and preterm or term birth did not affect either GM classification or the GMOS-R, but the country of residence did. A lower median GMOS-R for infants with normal or poor-repertoire GMs from LMICs and UMICs compared with HICs suggests the use of specific percentile ranks for LMICs and UMICs vs. HICs. Conclusion: For clinical and scientific use, we provide a freely available GMOS-R scoring sheet, with percentile ranks reflecting socioeconomic stratification.
Item Description:Gesehen am 28.01.2025
Physical Description:Online Resource
ISSN:2077-0383
DOI:10.3390/jcm13082260

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